S

Salusso-Deonier, C. J., & Schwarzkopf, R. J. (1991). Sex differences in body cathexis associated with exercise involvement. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 73(1), 139.

ABSTRACT: The study examined sex differences in body cathexis (BCX) for two groups: (a) 52 female and 23 male students from a university fitness improvement class, and (b) a comparison groups of 41 female and nine male students from classes unrelated to exercise, by asking the subjects to complete Body Cathexis Scale. Multivariate analysis of post-study data yielded a significant effect for the exercise involvement of fitness class men and women. Regular exercise seems to have potential as a method for improving BCX for both men and women.

KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body image; Exercise involvement

Salusso-Deonier, C.; DeLong, M. R.; Martin, F. B. (1979). Weight loss and the resulting fit and size change of ready to wear for American women. Home Economics Research Journal; Vol. 7(3).

ABSTRACT: (none).


Samaras, T. T. (1994). The truth about your height: Exploring the myths and realities of human size and its effects on performance, health, pollution, and survival. San Diego: Tecolote Publications.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body size


Sampedro, R. M. F. (1982). The anthropometric somatotype differences between male and female tennis players 10 to 14 years of age in the state of Tennessee. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University.

ABSTRACT: This study was designed to identify the major differences in the Health-Carter anthropometric somatotype of male and female ranked tennis players in the Tennessee Tennis Association between the ages of 10 to 14 years. Subjects were 71 male and 49 female volunteer junior tennis players of the State of Tennessee Tennis Association. No significant relationship was found for any other groups between body size measures and somatotype with performance or ranking in tennis. However, a slightly higher but yet not significant relationship was shown when data of the top 20 ranked players in each of the age and sex groups was analyzed. No significant differences were noticed between males and females in their correlation coeficients.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Somatotype


Sanchez, C. L., & Jacobson, H. N. (1978). Anthropometry measurements: A new type. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 31(7), 1116-1117.

ABSTRACT: A new device for anthropometric measurement in the office and field. Model 731A portable is an ultra-sound machine for measurement of body fat. The device opens a whole new area of nutritional assessment.

KEYWORDS: Body type; Anthropometric measurements; Physical measurements; Nutritional assessment; Body measurement

Sancho, P. F. 1989. Revision of the Human Proportion Theory Antropometrics Standards. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University De Valencia.

ABSTRACT: The object of this study is to unify the Arts' intrinsic evolution with the historical and scientific evolution of human proportion theory. These objectives are the following: (1) A brief historic study of human figure proportions. (2) To remark on the necessity of knowing the Antrhopometrics measures in each different community. (3) To obtain the nowadays different measures in our population. To present the results with scientific procedures to be interpreted easily. (4) To compare the results which have been obtained with the different historical techniques of each epoch to show the human figure. (5) To join the artistic representation mode with the biological one.



Sanders, A. U. (1989). The effect of fear of weight gain imagery on real and ideal body image assessment. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Eating disorders; Ideal body


Sandner, D. (1992). Development of prediction equation for the Futrex 5000 body fat analyzer for the estimation of hydrostatistically determined body density on a sample of college-age males. Unpublished master's thesis, Western Illinois University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body composition

Sandmann, D. M. (1992). Achieving correct fit through draping methods. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Texas Woman's University.

ABSTRACT: The curriculum was broken down into three sessions: (a) draping a basic blouse with shoulder and waistline darts, (b) drafting a master pattern, and (c) draping a blouse with a french dart.

Sandmann, D. M. (1991). Achieving the correct fit through draping methods. Unpublished masters dissertation. Texas Woman's University.

ABSTRACT: This study was designed to develop a course outline and teach 4-H members and adult volunteer leaders the basic principles of draping, concentrating on the upper torso. The curriculum was broken down into three sessions: (a) draping a basic blouse with shoulder and waistline darts, (b) drafting a master pattern, and (c)draping a blouse with a french dart. Data was analyzed to determine the degree of agreement among judges in assessing garment appearance and fit, and is assessing the validity of the cirriculum.

Sandquist, S. L. (1979). Adolescent perception of body image. Unpublished master's thesis, Florida International University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception


Santiago, M. C. (1990). Effects of a forty-week walking program of twelve miles per week on physical fitness, body composition, and blood lipids and lipoproteins in sedentary women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

ABSTRACT: Previously sedentary women (n=16) were randomly assigned to a walking or non-exercise control group (n=11) for the 40-week period. Patterns of change were noted in body constitution for both walking and control groups as indicated by decreases in body weight, body mass index, sum of skinfolds, and fat weight for walkers and increases in body weight, body mass index, and sums of skinfolds for controls. There were no significant changes in levels of total cholestrol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, or high density lipoprotein or its subfractions over the 40-week period. These data suggest that a long term, 12 mile per week walking program, in sedentary women, substantially increases cardiorespiratory fitness and decreases body fat. In contrast, long-term periods of physical inactivity results in an increase in body fat. This study also demonstrates that walking can reverse declines in high density lipoprotein cholestrol associated with progressive increases in fatness related to physical inactivity.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body composition; Walking program


Santoro, A. J. (1972). Appearance and its effect on self-image. Unpublished master's thesis, San Francisco State College, San Francisco.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Self-image; Body image; Self-perception


Sartore, R. L. (1996). Body shaping: trends, fashions, and rebellions. Commack, New York: Nova Science Publishers.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image

Saunders, C. S.; Stead, B. A. (1986). Women's adoption of a business uniform: A content analysis of magazine advertisements. Sex-Roles; Vol. 15(3-4) 197-205. Texas Christian University.

ABSTRACT: Assessed the extent to which the skirted suit is portrayed as the business uniform for women. A survey of 2,576 advertisements in general interest and business magazines for the 1st 6 mo. Of 1963, 1973, and 1983 indicated that business women, especially managers or professionals, are increasingly attired in the skirted suit. However, the skirted suit appears to be a relatively new standard and has not replaced all other acceptable attire for women. Consequences for wearing the skirted suit are discussed.



Schaberg, G. S. (1986). Effects of aerobic and weight training exercise on the body composition of pre and postmenpausal women. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Texas, Tyler.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Body composition; Weight training exercise


Schellinger, M. M. (1992). Relationship of perceived and objective weight status to body image and perceived interference of social relationships in the adolescent population: A research study. Unpublished master's thesis, La Salle University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Body weight


Schendel, D. E. (1989). Sex differences in factors associated with body fatness in western samoans (Samoa). The Pennsylvania State University, Unpublished doctoral dissertation.

ABSTRACT: The study examines the relationships among lifestyle, activity, diet and body weight, size and fatness variation with modernization in western Samoan men and women. Comparisons were made of the activity, dietary and anthropometric characteristics of 242 adults, ages 25 to 53 years, residing in three socioeconomically distinct communities of Western Samoa: an urban neighborhood and two rural villages differing in the extent of their urban market participation. In both sexes the urban residents were larger, heavier and fatter than their rural counterparts. For both sexes, greater weight, size and fatness were associated with a more sedentary activity pattern achieved only in a urban environment among men. There were few sex differences in patterns of food used and energy and nutrient intake. The similarity in the level of activity of urban men and women and some rural women suggests that they may have assumed a common pattern on energy expenditure which can not, under the dietary conditions of contemporary Western Samoa, regulate energy intake, thereby leading to an accumulation of body fact in excess of their more active peers.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body fatness


Schettler, P. J. (1984). A conceptual systems study of self-esteem. Dissertation Abstracts International, 44(11), 3511B, The Catholic University of America.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study is to contribute to the understanding of self-esteem by testing several hypotheses about alternative sources of standards from which individuals may derive criteria used in judging self-worth, and about the relationship of self-esteem, degree of articulation of long-range goals, and the general motivational orientation to one's activity in terms of either intrinsic or extrinsic factors. A total of 173 subjects (18 to 52 years) completed a self-report, 98-item questionnaire developed for this study. The study shows that a cognitive approach to the study of self-esteem can shed light on the alternative bases of feelings of self-worth, and that understanding of the various sources of standards used for self-evaluation may help to explain individual differences in self-esteem as well as differences in motivational orientation.

KEYWORDS: Self-esteem


Schlamowitz, K. E. (1984). Body building: Masculine protest or the expression of a normal personality. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Arizona.

ABSTRACT: A sample of 37 competitive and non-competitive bodybuilders, along with 20 weight-training comparison subjects were evaluated with respect to their personality characteristics, sex-role identity, and degree of body satisfaction. The study suggests that competitive and non-competitive bodybuilders, as well as men who incoporate weight-training into an exercise routine, demonstrate no remarkable or pathological personality characteristics. Neither do they differ significantly from the average population in terms of sex-role identification or the degree to which they are satisfied with their bodies.

KEYWORDS: Body weight


Schlater, J. A. (1969). Body perception as a function of self: World orientation. Unpublished master's thesis, Clark University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-perception


Schlundt, D. G., & Bell, C. (1993). Body image testing system: A microcomputer program for assessing body image. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 15(3), 267-285.

ABSTRACT: The study developed the Body Image Testing System (BITS) in which subject adjust the size of nine body parts (face, neck, shoulders, arms, chest, breasts, stomach, hips, and thighs) and provide satisfaction ratings for the body parts. Body image and eating disturbance measures were obtained from 402 female undergraduate students and 87 obese women. Five factors measured actual-ideal discrepancy for weight-sensitive body parts, the perceptual distortion of those body parts, and the perception of face and neck, shoulders, and breasts. Results indicated that the five-factor scores plus the satisfaction ratings were strongly associated with actual body size, body fat percentage, and circumference of specific body fats.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image


Schmelzer, G. L. (1993). Gender differences in social physique anxiety and body esteem in elite and non-elite competitive rowers. Unpublished master's thesis, Springfield College.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image; Body satisfaction


Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1976). Scaling: The importance of body size. (Cassette Recording). Massachusetts: Science Center, Harvard University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body size

Schneider, D. J. (1974). Effects of dress on self-presentation. Psychological Reports; Vol. 35(1, Pt 1) 167-170. Brandeis University.

ABSTRACT: Hypothesized that because of greater self-confidence, well-dressed subjects would present themselves more positively than poorly dressed subjects. 32 male undergraduates were recruited for an experiment in interviewing. 16 subjects were asked to wear a coat and tie and the other 16 subjects were then asked to complete 2 parallel self-presentation forms which required them to indicated how descriptive of themselves were 24 socially desirable and undesirable items. Results support the hypothesis, but the data are not clear as to whether this was mediated by self-confidence.



Schneider, M. E. (1995). How ethnic identity functions as a group identity to affect self-esteem. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Self-esteem


Scholl, T. O. (1976). Body size in developing nations: Is bigger really better. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Temple University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body size; Anthropometry


Schultz, B. A. (1973). A comparative study between pelvic width and speed of performing a lateral weight change for males and females. Unpublished master's thesis, Glassboro State College.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Human mechanics


Schulz, L. E. (1961). Relationships between body image and physical performance in adolescent girls. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Maryland, College Park.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image

Schuster, J. D.; Kelly, D. H. (1974). Preferred style features in dresses for physically handicapped elderly women. Gerontologist; Vol. 14(2) 106-109. Oklahoma State University.

ABSTRACT: Reports findings of a survey designed to identify clothing styles preferred for physically handicapped elderly women living in nursing homes. Questionnaire and interview data were obtained from 20 nursing home personnel and 117 elderly female handicapped residents concerning styles which would (a) decrease the pain, discomfort, and difficulty often experienced in simple movement; (b) simplify the dressing procedure; and © increase the social well-being of residents. Results indicate that style features preferred were similar to those worn by nonhandicapped elderly women. Recommendations are made for clothing research related to the elderly and to physically handicapped men and women.



Schutz, Y. (1981). Energy and protein homeostasis in elderly men. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

ABSTRACT: The total energy expenditure and its components (basal metabolic rate, dietary induced thermogenesis), the nitrogen and water balances, body composition, and physical working capacity were studied in six elderly men (65-74 years) confined to a metabolic unit for 12 consecutive weeks. The study consisted of 2 metabolic period (MP) of six weeks each; during the first MP the elderly were fed a liquid formula diet containing the amount of protein they habitually ate. During the second MP the protein intake was reduced to the physiological protein requirement suggested by the FAO/WHO Expert Committe (1973). Results indicated that the magnitude of the dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT) at rest was related to the relative protein level in the test meal. Exercise did potentiate DIT but this synergetic phenomenon appears to depend upon both the relative protein level in the test meal and the level of exercise. All elderly men failed to maintain nitrogen balance on the physiological N requirement suggested by the FAO/WHO. Negative nitrogen and water balances data suggest a loss of lean body mass on the physiological FAO/WHO (1973) protein level indicating that this level was inapproriate.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Elderly

Schweers, C. A. (1984). A comparison of garment fit resulting from skirt patterns generated by the Brockman pattern system and traditional unit method of altering a commercial pattern. Unpublished masters dissertation. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

ABSTRACT: (none)



Scott, M. W. (1980). Patterns of influence of some known correlates of obesity in middle-class black women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland College Park.

ABSTRACT: The study examines the incidence of obesity and the patterns of influence of some known cultural, psychosocial and physiological factors contributing to its existence among middle-class Black women. The participants were 349 middle-class Black women, with a mean age of 41.06 years, who responded to a questionnaire distributed to a randomly selected sample. Group affiliation and activity levels within the affiliations are positively correlated with obesity among these participants. The study affirms the complex nature of obesity in middle-class Black women and the need for additional research on the cultural, psychosocial and physiological factors contributing to this important health derangement in this population.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Obesity


Scully, C. S. (1995). The effect of age, gender, and media exposure on body image and body satisfaction. Wheaton, College, Norton.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction


Secord, P. F. (1953). The appraisal of body-cathexis: Body cathexis and the self. American Psychological Association.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body-cathexis

Secor, L. C. 1992. Computer Usage in Apparel Design and its Effect on Styling and Creativity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Texas Woman's University.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the influence of computer aided design (CAD) on styling and creativity of apparel. The anticipated objectives were (a) to identify change in styling and creativity brought about by the application of computerized design operations in apparel production, and (b) to determine if CAD has a positive effect on styling and creativity.



Segal, N. J. (1975). A study of the relationship between movement/exercise, body posture, body image and self-image. Unpublished master's thesis, Ohio State University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Mind and body; Self-perception


Seggar, J. F., McCammon, D. L., & Cannon, L. D. (1988). Relations between physical activity, weight discrepancies, body cathexis, and psychological well-being in college women. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 67(2), 659-669.

ABSTRACT: The study investigated the relations between physical activity, weight discrepancies, body cathexis, and indicators of psychological well-being in 323 college women. Analyses showed that physical activity was not directly related to psychological well-being. However, physical activity reduced weight discrepancies and improved body cathexis. Results also indicate that there were distinctive patterns of satisfaction with body parts and processes depending on whether the subjects' body types conformed to or deviated from idealized weights and heights.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body cathexis; Psychological well-being


Seid, R. P. (1991). Never too thin: Why women are at war with their bodies. (1st ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Press.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Obesity; Social aspects; Health and hygiene


Seid, R. P. (1994). Too "close to the bone": The historical context for women's obsession with slenderness. New York: Guilford Press.

ABSTRACT: This book discusses topics on why have Americans, particularly American women, become fatphobic, why and how have they come to behave as though the shape of their lives depends on the shape of their bodies. The questions are addressed by placing the phenomenon in a broad historical context by focusing on fashion and the unique and dangerous twist it has taken in our era.

KEYWORDS: Phobias; Fads and fashions; Body weight


Selzer, R., Bowes, G., & Patton, G. (1995). When is an adolescent too thin. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(5), 813-814.

ABSTRACT: The study suggests incorporation of percentile body mass index into the definition of weight loss, particularly for diagnosing cases of adolescent anorexia nervosa. Current use of percent of ideal body weight in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) is difficult with height and age growth charts for nonadults.

KEYWORDS: Body weight


Sena, R. E. (1992). The development of body weight and shape preferences and dieting. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the development of body weight and shape preferences and dieting, children's concepts of attractiveness, body image, knowledge of dieting, and self-reported dieting behavior. The study was comprised of three tasks: silhouette questions and attractiveness judgments, knowledge of dieting, and self-report of weight loss and weight gain. Results showed that the majority of children express body dissatisfaction by five years of age. The nature of body dissatisfaction, however, seems to change with age. Children reported attempts at weight loss more than weight gain. Girls were more likely to report attempts at weight loss than were boys.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Dieting


Sergi, G., Perini, P., Bussolotto, M., Zurlo, F., Malvasi, L., Carraro, R., Del Prato, S., Giantin, V., & Enz, G. (1993). Body composition study in the elderly: Comparison between tritium dilution method and dual photon absorptiometry. Journal of Gerontology, 48(6), M244-M248.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Body composition; Elderly; Anthropometry


Services., U. S. D. O. C. O. O. T. (1958). Body measurements for the sizing of women's patterns and apparel; a recorded voluntary standard of the trade. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Sizing; Clothing trade; Standards; Clothing and dress measurements; Anthropometry

Shaeffer, C. (1994) Fabric sewing guide. Chilton Book Company. Radnor, Pennsylvania.

ABSTRACT: This text focuses on the fabrics and materials used to make garments. Part one, outlines the characteristics of natural and man-made fibers; Part two and three include specific information and complete details for sewing individual fabrics. Part four covers linings and interfacings, while part five describes basic sewing techniques you need to know. Part six is a comprehensive textile dictionary listing important textile terms and frequently used fabrics. In addition to broadening your understanding of fabrics and sewing techniques so you can apply you knowledge intelligently, the book includes many fashion photographs to stimulate your imagination for future designs.


Shaffer, J. N. (1985). Women, body image, and self-esteem: The study of a new method of treatment; a project based upon an independent investigation. Unpublished master's thesis, Smith College for Social Work.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body image

Shakin, M.; Shakin, D.; Sternglanz, S. (1985). Infant Clothing: Sex labeling for strangers. Sex roles; Vol. 12(9-10) 955-964. State University New York, Stony Brook.

ABSTRACT: Observed 48 infants (aged 1-13mo) and their caretakers in suburban malls to see if clothing normally provides cues to strangers as to the baby's sex label. 90% of the subjects were dressed in sex-typed clothes. Girls wore or carried pink, yellow, ruffles, puffed sleeves, and/or dresses. Boys wore blue, and/or red,. Five female observers (aged 19-35) were able to correctly guess the sex of the labeled (by clothes, shoes, accessories, and hair) infants only. Simultaneous caretaker interviews revealed that parents do not spontaneously mention sex as a factor in clothing choice, nor do they feel they would be bothered by strangers' mistaking the infant's sex.


Sharpe, B. K. (1970 1969). A comparison of four major pattern companies' new sizing basic dress pattern measurements. Menomonie, WI: Stout State University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Sizing; Dressmaking; Pattern design


Shasby, G., & Kingsley, R. F. (1978). A study of behavior and body type in troubled youth. Journal of School Health, 48(2), 103-107.

ABSTRACT: The study investigated the relationship of selected physiological and morphological variables of male youths exhibiting persistent and inappropriate behaviors. A shape index, percent body fat, number of chin-ups, and other variables were recorded for 51 behaviorally disordered youths and for a comparison group randomly selected from a junior-senior high school. The behaviorally disordered youth appeared to be significantly more mesomorphic on the shape index and to have lower total percent body fat.

KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body type; Youth


Sheer, K. K. (1993). The effect of body size pictures on body satisfaction: An examination of the contrast effect. Unpublished master's thesis, Northeast Missouri State University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Body satisfaction; Body size

Sheldon, M.G. (1974) Design through draping. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

ABSTRACT: Draping is a very rewarding way to accomplish creative designing. Draping is the manipulation of a fabric to obtain the desired design, effect, and appearance. Through this you can obtain perfect harmony between the design, the fabric, and the individuality and figure of the wearer.



Shepard, J. S. (1989). Perceptions of body image: An exploratory study of participants in a fitness and image enhancement program for large women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of San Francisco, Counseling and Educational Psychology.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image
Obesity


Shim, S., Kotsiopulos, A., & Shapurian, R. (1990). Body cathexis of adult men and women: Effects of age and number of children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70(3), 880.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body cathexis


Shim, S., & Kotsiopulos, A. (1990). Women's physical size, body cathexis, and shopping for apparel. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71(3, Pt 1), 1031-1042.

ABSTRACT: The study investigated differences in body-cathexis (BCX), satisfaction with apparel shopping, and shopping orientation among 482 petite, average, and tall/larger sized women (aged 25-54 yrs). Results show that subjects differed in (1) total BCX and BCX on 5 body parts (height, facial features, face, leg length, and arms); (2) satisfaction with the apparel shopping attributes of size range and available, number of stores, and general fit of clothing; and (3) the shopping orientations of confident shopper and catalog shopper.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body cathexis


Shim, S., Kotsiopulos, A., & Knoll, D. S. (1990). Short, average height, tall, and big men: Body cathexis, clothing and retail satisfactions, and clothing behavior. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70(1), 83-96.

ABSTRACT: A total of 269 short, average height, tall, and big men were surveyed using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Results showed mean differences in body cathexis and in satisfactions and dissatisfactions with clothing retail attributes, but not in clothing behavior.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body cathexis; Clothing behavior


Shim, S., & Kotsiopulos, A. (1991). Big and tall men as apparel shoppers: Consumer characteristics and shopping behavior. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 9(2), 16-24.

ABSTRACT: The study examined shopping behavior of 172 men who shopped at big and tall men's apparel specialty stores. Subject reflected a wide range of clothing involvement and were classified as low, medium, and high involved consumers. These three groups were compared on consumer characteristics (e.g. clothing orientations, lifestyle activities, demographic characteristics) and clothing shopping behaviors (e.g. satisfaction with clothing shopping experiences, clothing buying practices).

KEYWORDS: Body size


Shim, S., Kotsiopulos, A., & Knoll, D. S. (1991). Body cathexis, clothing attitude, and their relations to clothing and shopping behavior among male consumers. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 9(3), 35-44.

ABSTRACT: The behavior of male apparel consumers based on the interaction between body cathexis and clothing attitude was studied on 269 men from national random sample to examine the differences in clothing behavior, shopping behavior, and individual characteristics. Subjects were divided into four groups. Analyses reveal that the four groups differed in clothing behavior (e.g. fashion innovativeness, self-confidence in clothing), shopping behavior (e.g. store patronage, shopping interest), and individual characteristics (e.g. sport activity, annual wardrobe expenditure). Results suggest that body dissatisfaction may not be necessarily correlated with clothing attitude in one direction.

KEYWORDS: Body image; Body cathexis; Clothing attitude; Shopping behavior


Shim, S., Sparks, C., Kotsiopulos, A. (1994). Men's satisfaction with the fit and availability of ready-to-wear clothing. Canadian Home Economics Journal, 44(1), 26-31.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Satisfaction with fit; Ready-to-wear apparel; Men

Shim, S.; Kotsiopulos, A.; Knoll, D. S. (1990). Short, average-height, tall and big men: Body-cathexis, clothing and retail satisfactions, and clothing behavior. Perceptual and Motor Skills; Vol. 70(1).

ABSTRACT: One-way analyses of variance showed mean difference in body-cathexis and in satisfactions and dissatisfactions with clothing and retail attributes, but not in clothing behavior, among 269 short, average-height, tall, and big men surveyed. Managerial implications include suggestions for enhancing self-concept and sensitivity to varying reactions to ready-to-wear clothing.


Shochat, E. (1970). A study of the relationship between specified personality traits and body-cathexis of male participants and non-participants in high school athletics. Dissertation Abstracts International, 31(05), 2079A, University of Massachusetts.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body cathexis; Body image


Shontz, F. C. (1964). Body-part size judgment.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image


Shontz, F. C. (1969). Perceptual and cognitive aspects of body experience. New York: Academic Press.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-concept


Shoup, R. (1987). Growth and aging in the Manus of Pere village, Manus province, Papua New Guinea: a mixed longituadal and secular perspective. Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.

ABSTRACT: The present study considers the size, physique and body composition of children, youth and adults in Pere Village, Manus Province, Papua New Guinea in 1980. Several anthropometric dimensions and somatotype data from present study are compared to reference data for the U. S., to several samples from other areas of Papua New Guinea, and to similar data collected in Pere in 1954, 1966, 1968, 1971, and 1975. ... (abridged)

KEYWORDS: Body type; Growth ; Aging


Shunk, T. L. (1993). The effect of experimenter weight on female subjects' body size estimation accuracy and body dissatisfaction. Unpublished master's thesis, Humboldt State University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body size; Size perception


Silberstein, L. R., Striegel-Moore, R. H., Timko, C., & Rodin, J. (1988). Behavioral and psychological implications of body dissatisfaction: Do men and women differ. Sex Roles, 19(3-4), 219-232.

ABSTRACT: Relationships of body satisfaction, self-esteem, dieting, and exercise were examined in 45 female and 47 male undergraduates. Findings show that males and females did not differ in degree of body dissatisfaction as assessed by measure of body esteem, body size drawings, and measures of weight dissatisfaction. Unlike women, men were as likely to want to be heavier as thinner. Women reported exercising for weight control more than men, and exercising for weight control was associated with disregulated eating.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body satisfaction; Self-esteem


Silberstein, L. R., Mishkind, M. E., Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Timko, C. (1989). Men and their bodies: A comparison of homosexual and heterosexual men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(3), 337-346.

ABSTRACT: The study examined influences on body self-satisfaction, disordered eating, and exercise behavior among 71 heterosexual and 71 homosexual male participants from a university community. Homosexuals showed more body dissatisfaction, as measured by a body esteem scale, and considered appearance more central to their sense of self, as measured by a self-roles inventory. Homosexuals who desired to be thinner showed more attitudes and behaviors associated with disordered eating than those who were thinner. Heterosexuals who wished to be heavier had lower self-esteem scores than those who were heavier than or equal to their desired size.

KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Homosexual; Heterosexual


Silver, A., Guillen,C., Kahl, M., & Morley, J. (1993). Effects of aging on body fat. Journal of the american geriatrics society., 41(3), 211.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Aging; Body; Body Fat


Silverman, D. (1984). Creativity and body image boundaries. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Detroit.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Creative ability

Silverman, S. S. (1946). Clothing and appearance; Their psychological implications for teen-age girls. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Columbia University.

ABSTRACT: (none)


Simmering, M. J. (1993). Effects of social and non-social messages regarding weight on women's weight loss intentions as a function of self-presentation style. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Self-presentation; Social pressure


Simolike, W. R. (1990). Accuracy of perceived heaviness in children relative to age and gender. Philadelphia.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body size


Simopoulus, A. P. (1986). Obesity and body weight standards. Annual Review of Public Health, 7, 481-492.

ABSTRACT: A review highlights various standards (weight/height ratio, skinfold thickness, frame size) used for measures of body fat and obesity, and discusses data derived from the national HES and HANES surveys, clinical studies, the Metropolitan Life weight-for-height tables, and recommendations of a 1982 NIH-CDC workshop for body weight standards that reflect morbidity and mortality. It is concluded that until further studies define the range of body weight for least morbidity and longest survival, the recommended weight ranges provided by the 1959 Metropolitan Life table appears to be an appropriate reference standard.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Obesity; Height-weight ratio; Body weight; Morbidity; Mortality

Simpson, M.; Littrel, M. A. (1984). Attitudes toward clothing of elderly men. Journal of Applied Gerontology; Vol. 3(2) 171-180. Marshalltown Community College.

ABSTRACT: Investigated the general themes present in elderly institutionalized men's attitudes toward clothing and ascertained whether attitudes toward clothing were associated with social roles performed by the men. 97 men completed questionnaires assessing their attitudes toward clothing and their role involvement. Factor analysis revealed 3 factors: Clothing Awareness, Clothing Comfort, and Social Approval. The majority of subjects wanted clothing that was comfortable, up-to-date, and like that of their friends. Clothing was considered to enhance self-confidence and to assist in impression management. Subjects who were less active in the leisure role showed greater interest in the psychological and social components of clothing. Recommendations about warmth, fit, and laundry procedures are made for practitioners who assist elderly men with their clothing.



Singh, D. (1993). Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 293-307.

ABSTRACT: The study is attended to examine how WHR influences female attractiveness and its role in male selection. Evidence is presented showing that body fat distribution as measured by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is correlated with youthfulness, reproductive endocrinologic status, and long-term health risk in women.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Physical attractiveness; Social Perception


Singh, D. (1993). Body shape and women's attractiveness: The critical role of waist-to-hip ratio. Human Nature, 4(3), 297-321.

ABSTRACT: The role of body fat distribution as measured by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) on the judgment of women's physical attractiveness was examined in three studies. These studies investigated whether humans have perceptual and cognitive mechanisms to utilize the WHR to infer attributes of women's health, youthfulness, attractiveness, and reproductive capacity. WHR appears to be correlated with a woman's reproductive endocrinological status and long term health risk.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body shape


Singh, D. (1994). Body fat distribution and perception of desirable female body shape by young black men and women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(3), 289-294.

ABSTRACT: The relation between body fat distribution as measured by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and perception of desirable female body shape was investigated in 87 undergraduate Black men and women (aged 18-23 yrs). Subjects judged attractiveness, various personal qualities, and desirability for long-term relationships of 12 line drawings of female figures that represented 3 body weight categories and 4 levels of WHRs. Findings do not support the notion that Black young men and women find overweight female figures as desirable and attractive.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Physical attractiveness; Body size; Body shape


Singh, D. (1994). Waist-to-hip ratio and judgment of attractiveness and healthiness of female figures by male and female physicians. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of The International Association for The Study of Obesity, 18(11), 731-737.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated whether physicians would be influenced by body size or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in assessing health, youthfulness, and reproductive capability of a woman.

KEYWORDS: Body measurement; Body fat; Body image; Body size


Singh, D. (1994). Is thin really beautiful and good: Relationship between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and female attractiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(1), 123-132.

ABSTRACT: Two studies involving a total of 188 subjects (aged 18-22 yrs) were conducted to determine the relative role played by overall body fat and body fat distribution as indicated by the measure of WHR in determining female perceived attractiveness and associated personality attributes. Contrary to popular belief, thin female figures were neither perceived as most attractive or assigned many desirable personality traits, except youthfulness. The measure of body fat distribution, the WHR, was found to be the critical variable associated with attractiveness. Normal weight female figures with low WHR were judged to be the most attractive and were assigned many desirable qualities.

KEYWORDS: Body size


Singh, D. (1994). Ideal female body shape: Role of body weight and waist-to-hip ratio. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(3), 283-288.

ABSTRACT: The study investigated female body fat distribution as measured by the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), overall body size, perceived attractiveness, youthfulness, health, and need to lose weight. Drawings showing thin females with high WHRs and heavier females with low WHRs were presented to 147 college-age women with low and high scores on the Restrained Eating Scale and to 64 men who ranked figures for various attributes. Results indicate that female attractiveness and ideal female shape may be more influenced by WHR than overall body size.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Perceived attractiveness & youthfulness; Body shape


Singh, D., & Luis, S. (1995). Ethnic and gender consensus for the effect of waist-to-hip ratio on judgment of women's attractiveness. Human Nature, 6(1), 51-65.

ABSTRACT: The study was intended to investigate whether 71 Indonesians (aged 17-25 yrs) and 77 Afro-Americans rate similarly with US Caucasian men and women's judgment on female figures with feminine waist-to-hip circumference ratios (WHRs) as attractive and healthy. Results show that neither Indonesian nor Afro-American Subjects judge overweight figures as attractive and healthy regardless of the size of WHR. The consensus on women's attractiveness among Indonesian, Afro-American, and US Caucasian subjects suggest that various cultural groups have similar criteria for judging the ideal women's shape.

KEYWORDS: Cross-cultural differences; Physical attractiveness; Physical appearance; Body weight


Singh, D. (1995). Female judgment of male attractiveness and desirability for relationships: Role of waist-to-hip ratio and financial status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1089-1101.

ABSTRACT: Two studies were conducted to examine the role of male body shape (as defined by waist-to-hip ratio/WHR) in female mate choice. In study 1, college-age women judged normal-weight male figures with WHR in the typical male range as most attractive, healthy, and possessing many positive personal qualities. In study 2, 18-69 year old women rated normal-weight male figures with differing WHRs and purported income for casual (having coffee) to most-committed (marriage) relationships.

KEYWORDS: Body shape; Waist-to-hip ratio


Skello, T. A. (1995). A qualitative study on body image and diet among women. Unpublished master's thesis, Ball State University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image


Skrinar, G. S., Bullen, B. A., Cheek, J. M., & McArthur, J. W. (1986). Effects of endurance training on body-consciousness in women. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(2), 483-490.

ABSTRACT: The Body Consciousness Questionnaire was employed to assess the effects of intensive endurance training on changes in self-perception in thirteen women volunteers aged 20-30 years. Results suggest that endurance and moderate exercise training contribute to increased self-perception specifically with regard to perceived internal consciousness and body competence.

KEYWORDS: Body consciousness; Exercise


Skuse, D. (1987). The psychological consequences of being small. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 28(5), 641-650.

ABSTRACT: The study asserts that since body shape and size of children are determinants of perceived age, adults' caregiving responses, and sense of self-worth and personal identity, children with retarded growth often experience emotional, social, psychological, and learning difficulties. The Turner syndrome often presents with short stature associated with cognitive and neuropsychological deficits, leading to withdrawal and immaturity. It is concluded that well-adjusted children of small stature have families who foster a sense of well-adjusted children of small stature have families who foster a sense of competence and self-reliance.

KEYWORDS: Body shape


Slade, P. D., Dewey, M. E., & Newton, T. (1990). Development and preliminary validation of the body satisfaction scale (BSS). Psychology and Health, 4(3), 213-220.

The study developed a simple paper-and-pencil test designed to measure satisfaction/dissatisfaction with sixteen body parts. The factorial structure of the scale and the three summative scales (head parts and body parts dissatisfaction) are described in the study. Internal consistency of the scales was found to be acceptable.

KEYWORDS: Body satisfaction


Slaughter, M., Christ, C., Boileau, R., & Stillman, R. (1993). Differences in the fat-free body to height relationship among young, older and mature adults. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 71, 187-187.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Height; Age; Fat


Sloan, B. M. (1995). Body image among African-American women: A comparison of two cultural contexts. Unpublished master's thesis, Ohio State University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image


Small, A., Madero, J., Teagno, L., & Ebert, M. H. (1983). Intellect, perceptual characteristics, and weight gain in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(5), 780-782.

ABSTRACT: The study assessed weight gain in a group of primary anorexics by examining responses to the WAIS (or WISC) and Rorschach for indices that may predict improvement. A total of 27 successively admitted anorexics (mean age 20.9 years) to a behavior modification weight gain program completed both measures early in their hospitalization. Results indicated that perceptual-personality variables did not have any predictive power. The ability to attend and focus cognitively are conditions for improvement in this type of a program. The success of therapy may be due to an inability to sustain and organize a cognitive focus.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Anorexia Nervosa


Smith, R. J. (1968). Relationships between gross and relative strength and the maturity, physique type, body size, and motor ability elements of boys seven, nine, twelve, fifteen and seventeen years of age. Oregon, Dept. of Physical Education.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body size


Smith, C. I. (1990). Causal attribution, self-efficacy, and body image as perceived and described by obese and over weight persons. Unpublished master's thesis, University of South Carolina.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Obesity


Smith, L. R., Burlew, A. K., & Lundgren, D. C. (1991). Black consciousness, self-esteem, and satisfaction with physical appearance among African-American female college students. Journal of Black Studies, 22(2), 269-283.

ABSTRACT: An investigation of the extent to which Black consciousness (BC) and self-esteem (SE) were associated with satisfaction and physical appearance (SPA) was conducted among 152 female African-American college students. No relationship was found between SE and satisfaction with facial features and BC. However, a strong correlation was found between SE and satisfaction with both facial and overall appearance.

KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Ethnic identity; Physical appearance; Body image


Smith, M. A. (1993). The effects of exercise on body image. Unpublished master's thesis, Appalachian State University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Exercise


Smith, D. E., & Cogswell, C. (1994). A cross-cultural perspective on adolescent girls' body perception. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(3, Pt 1), 744-746.

ABSTRACT: The study examined perceptions of body weight among 122 Jamaican girls (aged 15-18 yrs). The subjects completed a survey requesting demographic information such as height, weight, and age and their perceptions of their body weight. Data suggest that Jamaican society's favorable attitudes toward plumpness are strong enough to counteract foreign preoccupations with thinness.

KEYWORDS: Body image; Body weight; Adolescence


Snyder, A. E. (1975). Sensuous clothing in relation to self-esteem and body satisfaction. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Body satisfaction

Solomon, M. R. (1986). Dress for effect. Psychology Today; Vol. 20(4) 20-22, 26-28. New York University, Graduate School of Business Administration.

ABSTRACT: Discusses the growing empirical evidence to confirm the belief that meanings transmitted by clothing affect the perception and thinking of both the viewer and the wearer. It is suggested that clothing provides information about social and occupational standing, sex-role identification, political orientation, ethnicity, and esthetic priorities. Studies are cited to illustrate how clothing may affect stress, confidence, competition, and self-definition. It is asserted that psychologist and other social scientists concerned with issues such as self-image and interpersonal relationships are still focussing mainly on the effects of facial features when documenting the effects of physical attractiveness. It is suggested that future systematic research will increase the appreciation for the role played by clothing in social life.

Solomon, M. R. (1981). Dress for success: Clothing appropriateness and the efficacy of role behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

ABSTRACT: The central tenet of the present analysis was that clothing often possesses the potential to influence, guide, or alter the wearer's behavior. This supposition is a departure from the more mundane assumption that the individual's mood, self-presentational demands, or behavior determine clothing choice. Clothing may serve as a fruitful arena for the investigation of self-attention phenomena, particularly as they impact upon interaction processes. Appearance, it was suggested, is as important for the establishment and maintenance of self as is discourse; it contributes to meaning via identification and validation of the participants.

Solomon, M.; Schopler, J. (1982). Self-consciousness and clothing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin; Vol. 8(3). New York University, Graduate School of Business Administration.

ABSTRACT: Investigated whether the trait of public self-consciousness would be systematically related to clothing measure and whether the relationship would be stronger for women. 52 male and 52 female undergraduates completed the Self-Consciousness Questionnaire and 3 clothing,-related scales. Clothing measures showed a consistent and pervasive correlation with scores on public self-consciousness. Contrary to expectations, the magnitude of these relationships was greater for men than for women. Men high in public self-consciousness may capitalize to a greater degree than women on the strategic use of clothing for self-presentation, reflexive self-evaluation, and increasing the value of the self as a social commodity.



Sonne-Holm, S., Sorensen, T. I. A., Jensen, G., & Schnohr, P. (1990). Long-term changes of body weight in adult obese and non-obese. International Journal of Obesity, 14(4), 319-326.

ABSTRACT: The long-term changes of body weight during adulthood in men obese as young adults are compared to those occurring in a random sample from the underlying population. The study indicates that the greater the body mass index among young adult men, the less is the median change in body weight, but the greater is the variation of the body weight changes. These results suggest that the size of the fat mass is subject to intra-individual environmental influences that change over time.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body weight; Epidemiology; Weight control; Obesity; Body mass index


Sonstroem, R. J., Harlow, L. L., & Josephs, L. (1994). Exercise and self-esteem: Validity of model expansion and exercise associations. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 29-42.

ABSTRACT: The research examined the validity of expanding the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM) developed by R.J. Sonstroem and W.P. Morgan in 216 female aerobic dancers. This research was designed to include two levels of perceived physical competence as operationalized by the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP). A self-esteem scale was administered along with the PSPP to assess general physical self-worth, and more specific subdomains of perceived sport competence, physical condition, attractive body, and strength.

KEYWORDS: Self-esteem; Self-perception; Physical fitness; Self-efficacy

Sperling, L; Karlsson, M. (1989). Clothing fasteners for long-term-care patients: Evaluation of standard closures and prototypes on test garments.

ABSTRACT: In two studies with 24 long-term care patients (aged 63-93 years old), the authors evaluated the practical use of different standard clothing fasteners(button, hook-and-eye, nylon pressure tape, and zipper) and designed and evaluated an adapted oval button and a "finger strap" alternative to hook-and-eye, together with a standard button. By successive product modifications, made in accordance with user demands, a continuous systematic evaluation of the results of the product development is obtainable.



Spitzack, C. J. (1985). The subjects of weight consciusness: A discursive analysis of experiential unity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.

ABSTRACT: The study explored the issue of weight consciousness for women in American culture by analyzing the speech of women as they talk about their experience of cultural weight standards. This study attempts to show that the notion of fulfillment via weight loss is problematic for women, not because they lack will power, but because their bodily experience does not fit comfortably in the boundaries of desirable identities and self-definitions offered by the weight loss. This study offers a descriotion of female experience which unveils the tactics which subjugate and limit female possibilities under the guise of liberation and freedom.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image


Spitzer, L., & Rodin, J. (1981). Human eating behavior: A critical review of studies in normal weight and overweight individuals. Appetite, 2(4), 293-329.

ABSTRACT: The study evaluates numereous research of eating behavior conducted since 1968 that use amount eaten, meal duration, rate of eating, eating style, verbal report, and salivation as dependent variables. Results indicated that: (1) Palatability is the most consistent variable influencing amount eaten and producing overweight-normal weight differences in amount eaten, (2) Deprivation, palatability, and overweight-normal weight differences in differentially affect meal duration when the impact of amount eaten is held constant, (3) differences in rate over the course of a meal may differentially reflect hunger (rapid eating at onset) and satiety (slowing to termination), (4) measures of eating style have not yielded much information since they have generally not been used in conceptually meaningful ways, (5) Verbal reports of hunger and palatability relate to state of short-term deprivation but correlate poorly with measure of amount eaten, perhaps because they are each measuring different processes, (6) Salivation in response to a food stimulus increases with deprivation and palatability.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Eating behavior


Spiva, H. R. (1990). The use of the body mass index as an absolute and categorical estimation of adiposity. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Texas, Austin.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body mass; Adipose tissues; Obesity

Sproles, G.B.; Burns, L.D. (1994) Changing Appearances. Fairchild Publications, New York.

ABSTRACT: This book discusses the behavioral aspects of dress from the sociological and psychological perspectives. From the nature of the fashion process to fashion forecasting, the authors have developed a comprehensive multidisciplinary analysis of the psychological, social and economic forces influencing consumers to acquire and use new styles of appearance.

Spruiell, P.; Jernigan, M. (1982). Clothing preferences of older women: Implications for gerontology and the American clothing industry. Educational Gerontology; Vol. 8(5) 485-492. University of Montevallo.

ABSTRACT: Interviews regarding clothing preferences were conducted with 30 women over 65 years of age. Preferred style features were A-line skirts; princess, A-line, and shift dresses; V-necklines; convertible collars; and long-with-cuff, three-quarter length, and short sleeve styles. Color preferences revealed blue as the most popular color for clothing. Implications for gerontologists in higher education and the American clothing industry are discussed.



Srebnik, D. S., & Saltzberg, E. A. (1994). Feminist cognitive-behavioral therapy for negative body image. Women and Therapy, 15(2), 117.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Feminist; Body image


St. Charles, A. (1981). An interdiciplinary model for the treatment of obesity in young girls. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

ABSTRACT: The effectiveness of an interdisciplinary model in treating obesity in three young girls (ages 4 to 8), was studied over a 20-week period. Treatment effects were measured in terms of weight, height, fatfold, and behavioral changes. The results of the study have several implications as a result of using a single-case experimental design that overcomes many of the limitations inherent in group comparison studies, which include: (1) ethical issues, (2) problems in collecting a large enough group of subjects with appropriate characteristics, (3) a tendency to neglect reporing individual outcome results, (4) less control over within-subject variability.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Obesity


Stalker, L. A. (1987). The relationship of body image with psychosocial characteristics, perception of body size, weight, and pubertal timing in young adolescent females. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.

ABSTRACT: The study examines the relationships between satisfaction with one 's body and four of variables (psychosocial characteristics, perception of pubertal timing, percent of normal weight, and perception of body size) in a normative rather than clinical sample. Three self-report measures of body satisfaction ranging from a specific question regarding satisfaction with weight to a broader assessment of satisfaction with appearance and physical development were used. The results indicated that all four variables hypothesized to influence body satisfaction yielded some significant results. More satisfying social relationships and more frequent positive affect were associated with higher body satisfaction. Analyses on pubertal timing revealed that although on-time females had the highest body satisfaction scores, they were not always significantly more satisfied than early and late females. Findings revealed that females who overestimated their body sizes were less satisfied with their bodies than females who accurately perceived their body sizes.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body size; Body image; Adolescent


Stalling, R. B., & Miller, A. (1981). Effect of fictitious food ratings on eating behavior of obese and normal people. Journal of Obesity and Weight Regulation, 1(2), 105-110.

ABSTRACT:The study examined whether the external cues to which the obese are sensitive include cognitive or social cues, such as other people's opinions. Subjects consisted of 60 overweight, normal weight, and underweight undergraduates and were served 3 "types" of doughnuts (cut in quarters); then, they were asked to rate the taste and told to eat as much as they wished. Results show that all 3 weight groups, not just the obese, were influenced by the external cue. All groups rated higher and ate more of the doughnuts ostensibly preferred by others.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Eating behavior

Stamper, A.; Donnell, L.; Sharp, S. (1988) Experimental Apparel Construction: Laboratory Manual. Fairchild Publications.

ABSTRACT: In this manual, there are eleven lessons that take you through many of the basic processes involved in identifying problems, defining them in such a way that they can be solved, designing a means of solving them, carrying through on the solution, and finally, communicating your solution to others. Many of the exercises help to evaluate the variation among individuals as they rate or evaluate different apparel components. Basic skills such as calculating, measuring, estimating, writing, using charts and graphs are also taught.



Standardization, I. O. f. (1991). Standard sizing systems for clothes = Systems de tailles pour vetements. (1st edition ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Sizing; Standards; Clothing and dress; Men's clothing standards; Children's clothing standards


Standards, U. S. N. B. O. (1945). Recommended commercial standard on body measurements for the sizing of apparel for infants, babies, toddlers, and children.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Sizing; Infant sizing standards; Toddler sizing standards; Children sizing standards


Standards, U. S. N. B. O. (1953). Body measurements for the sizing of apparel for infants, babies, toddlers and children (for the knit underwear industry). Washington, D. C.: National Bureau of Standards.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Sizing; Children's clothing; Standards


Standards, U. S. N. B. O. (1971). Body measurements for the sizing of women's patterns and apparel. Washington, D. C.: National Bureau of Standards.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Clothing and dress measurements; Standards; Sizing


Standards, U. S. N. B. O. (1971). Body measurements for the sizing of boys' apparel. Washington, D. C.: National Bureau of Standards.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Sizing; Childrens clothing; Standards


Standards, U. S. N. B. O. (1973). Body measurements for the sizing of girls' apparel. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Sizing; Children's clothing ; Standards


Standards., U. S. N. B. O. (1972). Body measurements for the sizing of apparel for young men (students). Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Sizing; Childrens clothing; Standards

Stanley, M. S. (1991). Designing career apparel for short, larger-sized women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach.

ABSTRACT: Apparel is an integral part in the development of attractiveness because it can enhance an individual's desired body image. This study proposed potential apparel designs for short, larger-sized, upper-middle income professional women between the ages of 40 and 45 due to the limited availability of this apparel size in the current marketplace. The physiological needs of this physique were incorporated with the design elements and principles into three ensembles of career apparel to produce a more stylish and flattering appearance.

Staples, N. J. (1991). Job design of patternmakers in apparel manufacturing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

ABSTRACT: The job structure of apparel patternmakers in North Carolina manufacturing units producing women's and children's apparel in 1989 was examined. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by patternmakers and managers during visits to the companies by the researcher. High Fashion Change Frequency and Analyze Strategy require patternmakers with strong patternmaking skills. Low Fashion Change Frequency and Defender Strategy require patternmakers with diverse pre-production manufacturing skills and minimal patternmaking skills.

Steele, M. F. (1982). Body size and form of Black school girls age 9 years measured in Pitt county, North Carolina during 1980-1981. Dissertation Abstracts International, 43(04), University of South Carolina.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to describe and compare body size, form, and dietary intake of urban and rural Black school girls age 9 years residing in the city of Greenville or rural Pitt County, North Carolina. Twelve variables of body size and form were examined: body weight, standing height, sitting height, upper limb length, lower limb length, arm girth, calf girth, triceps skinfold, skelic index, upper limb stockiness index, lower limb stockiness index, and weight-height index. Body size and form measures were obtained from the 144 subjects by standard anthropometric technique. There were no statistically significant differences found between the two groups in dietary intake of protein, kilocalories, or vitamin A. However, Greenville city girls were found to be taller (p<.05) than rural Pitt County girls, with greater lower limb length (p<.05) and upper limb length (p,<.01).

KEYWORDS: Body size; Anthropometry; Afro-American children; Body form


Steerneman, A. G. M., Kroontjue, T., Van Vark, G. N., Schaafsma, W., & Amesz-Voorhoeve, W. H. M. (1995). A new statistical test for studying morphological trends. Journal of Quantitative Anthropology, 5(3), 239-251.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body


Steinberg, C. L., & Birk, J. M. (1983). Weight and compliance: Male-female differences. Journal of General Psychology, 109(1), 95-102.

ABSTRACT: The study examined the willingness of 60 male and 60 female subjects (18-23 years) ov varying weights to comply with requests for a favor made by 4 confederates-2 males (1 overweight, 1 normal weight) and 2 females (1 overweight, 1 normal weight). Both male and female subjects were less compliant to requests from an overweight than a normal weight confederate. Overweight subjects were more compliant to normal weight opposite-sex confederates than to overweight opposite-sex confederates.

KEYWORDS: Body weight


Stenson, J. (1994, June). The good news about your body fat at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70. Self, 16, 166.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Body fat


Stepke, T. (1989). Effects of repeated weight loss on body composition. Unpublished master's thesis, Wayne State University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body weight


Stevens, J., Gautam, S. P., & Keil, J. E. (1993). Body mass index and fat patterning as correlated of lipids and hypertension in an elderly, biracial population. Journal of Gerontology, 48(6), M249-M254.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Body mass index; Elderly


Stevens, J., Sumanyika, S. K., & Keil, J. E. (1994). Attitudes toward body size and dieting: Differences between elderly black and white women. American Journal of Public Health, 84(8), 1322-1325.

ABSTRACT: The study examined attitudes toward eating and body size perceptions in elderly African-American (AA) and White (WH) women. A total of 278 WH and 126 AA women were interviewed. Results indicated that AA women were more satisfied with their body size than WH women. The differences between AA and WH women in body-size perceptions suggest underlying differences in cultural attitudes toward weight.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image


Stevens Simon, C., Nakashima, I. I., & Andrews, D. (1993). Weight gain attitudes among pregnant adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14(5), 369-372.

ABSTRACT: The study tested the hypotheses that negative attitudes toward pregnancy weight gain are more common among younger pregnant adolescents, and negative attitudes toward pregnant weight gain adversely affect adolescent maternal weight gain. Results show that formulating a positive body image does not foster more negative attitudes toward pregnancy weight gain among younger adolescents. Negative weight gain attitudes are more common among heavy and depressed adolescents and adolescents who do not perceive their families as supportive, and may adversely affect pregnancy weight gain.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Adolescent


Stonebraker, P. M. (1988). Biocultural influences on male and female body images, eating and activity behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Mind and body; Eating disorders

Stopford, J. L. (1992). Effects of caloric restriction and resistive exercise on the resting energy expenditure of weight-reduced obese women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Temple University.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a six-week regimen of low caloric restriction and resistive exercise on the body composition and resting energy expenditure of obese women. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control, diet, exercise, and diet plus exercise. Prior to, after three weeks, and after six weeks of intervention, body composition and resting energy expenditure were measured by body density and oxygen consumption, receptively. Differences between groups for the dependent variables were analyzed by analysis of variance.


Storey, R. W. (1941). Relationship between body measurements, body weight Wood-Baldwin tables and the Quimby weight formula. Unpublished master's thesis, Southwest Texas State University.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Stature; Teenage boys


Stormer, S. M. (1992). A comparison of four theories of body image disturbance. Honors thesis, University of South Florida.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Self-acceptance


Storz, N. S. (1981). Desired body weight, body image, and perception of relative desirability of weight control methods of adolescent females. Dissertation Abstracts International, 42(05), 1827B, Temple University.

ABSTRACT: The study was aimed to determine the relationship of desired body weight, body image, and perceived desirability of weight control methods of adolescent girls. Subjects were 203 adolescent females in home economic classes in several high schools. Instrumentation included five outline drawings of the female figure, a spring-type scale, Witkin's Articulation of Body Concept (ABC) Scale, and a questionnaire. Results revealed that a significantly high percentage of the high school girls investigated wished to lose weight. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the number of negative, or uncomplimentary, adjectives used to describe present appearance or in articulation of body concept as measured by Witkin's ABC Scale.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Weight control; Adolescence


Storz, N. S. (1982). Body image of obese adolescent girls in a high school and clinical setting. Adolescence, 17(67), 667-672.

ABSTRACT: The study compared 27 obese females (12-17 years) with 20 age-matched subjects seeking help for their obesity in hospital-affiliated program for weight reduction. Subjects completed a descriptive data questionnaire and a human figure drawing test. Drawings were judged according to Witkin's Articulation of Body Concept Scale. Subjects showed a significantly greater difference in their selection of outline drawings of the female figure perceived to represent their actual as compared to ideal body sizes. No significant difference was found in articulation or body concept as revealed in human figure drawings; however, the difference between the mean scores of the 2 groups in articulation of body concept and negative adjectives used to describe present appearance approach significance in a t-test analysis.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body image; Obesity; Adolescent


Strait, J. G. (1992). The effect of garment size label manipulation on female body image. Unpublished master's thesis, Washington State University, Pullman.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Body size


Strauman, T. J., & Glenberg, A. M. (1994). Self-concept and body-image disturbance: Which self-beliefs predict body size overestimation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18(2), 105-125.

ABSTRACT: Two studies investigated the relation between self-concept and body-image disturbance in selected female undergraduates. Subjects completed a set of self-concept assessments, including both appearance-specific questions and a measure of general self-discrepancies. Results indicated that the groups differed significantly on the criterion for deciding that a silhouette was larger than their own bodies (bias) but not on the ability to accurately discriminate among silhouettes (sensitivity). Among self-concept measures, overall actual: ideal self-discrepancy was the best predictor of subjects' biases in estimating their own body sizes.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body shape


Stravato, J. A. (1992). Physical activity patterns and body composition in young and older adults. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Rhode Island.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Exercise; Physiology; Physical activity


Strickland, S. S., & Ulijaszek, S. J. (1994). Body mass index, ageing and differential reported morbidity in rural Sarawak. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 47(1), 9.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Body mass index; Aging


Striegel-Moore, R. H., Tucker, N., & Hsu, J. (1990). Body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating in lesbian college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(5), 493-500.

ABSTRACT: The study employed 30 lesbian and 52 heterosexual female undergraduates to complete the Body Esteem Scale and the Eating Disorder Inventory. The results indicated that lesbians had lower self-esteem, more ineffectiveness, more interpersonal distrust, and more difficulties in identifying their own emotions than did heterosexuals.

KEYWORDS: Body esteem; Body image; Appetite-disorders; Lesbianism


Stroh, S. (1995). Methods to determine body composition. Ernahrungs-Umschau, 42(3), 88.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Body composition

Summers, J. O. (1968). The identity of the women's clothing fashion transmitter. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Purdue University.

ABSTRACT: (none)

Summerfield, L. M. (1989). Resting metabolic rates in child-onset and adult-onset obese women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland College Park.

ABSTRACT: The study investigates differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) between obese and nonobese females and between females with adult and childhood onset obesity. Subjects were 18 healthy, Caucasian women, ages 20-38 years, 6 from each of 3 groups: nonobese with no history of obesity, child-onset obese (COO), and adult-onset obese. Subjects were administered 3 measures: RMR by indirect calorimetry, residual lung volume, and hydrostatic weighing. Results indicate that, in all groups, more of variance in RMR was explained when the variables, activity and exercise, were used in addition to the variables, FM and FFM. The effect of activity and exercise on explained variance in RMR was much smaller in COO women. Results also show that obese women, especially COO, may be more metabolitically efficient than nonobese women.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Obesity


Sumner, A., Waller, G., Killick, S., & Elstein, M. (1993). Body image distortion in pregnancy: A pilot study of the effects of media images. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11(4), 203-208.

ABSTRACT: The study examined how media's portrayal of the ideal woman's shape (slim) affects pregnant (PG) women's body image distortion in a small-scale pilot study. A total of 10 pregnant (PG) women and 10 non-PG women viewed 20 (effective) photographs of models taken from fashion magazines. Results suggest that PG women are affected by these media images, but that the pattern of enhanced distortion changes throughout pregnancy.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image


Sun, H., & Jensen, R. (1994). Body segment growth during infancy. Journal of Biomechanics, 27(3), 265.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body; Infancy


Sunday, S. R., Halmi, K. A., Werdann, L., & Levey, C. (1992). Comparison of body size estimation and eating disorder inventory scores in anorexia and bulimia patients with obese, and restrained controls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11(2), 133-149.

ABSTRACT: Psychological attributes and body size estimation were compared in four subgroups of anorexia and bulimia patients, an obese group, an unrestrained control group, and a restrained control group. All anorexia and bulimia subgroups overestimated the size of their hips and their body depth relative to the two control groups and obese group. There were no differences in body size estimation between the subgroups of anorexia and bulimia patients.

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body image; Body weight


Sutton, R. (1988). Body worry. (Rev. ed.). New York: Penguin.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body image; Physical fitness; Health


Swan, P. D. (1991). The effects of body fat distribution on metabolism at rest and during exercise in women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Teneessee.

ABSTRACT: This investigation was designed to examine metabolic differences at rest and in response to exercise between two groups of obese women distinctly characterized by their body fat locations. Subjects were 21 overfat women (18-40 years) with normal health and blood lipid profiles, who were participated in a resting metabolic rate (RMR) test, two mechanical efficiency (ME) tests (cycle and treadmill), and a prolonged walking (PW) test to assess fuel utilization. No differences were found in the amount of rate fuel utilized as fat during PW between groups. The results indicate obese women with different body fat distribution patterns have similar physiological potentials for energy expenditure. Both groups showed equal capabilities for performing prolonged exercise with the typical metabolic shift in fuel utilization.

KEYWORDS: Body weight; Body fat distribution

Sweeney, M. M.; Zoints, P. (1989). The "second skin": Perceptions of disturbed and nondisturbed early adolescents on clothing, self-concept, and body image. Adolescence; Vol. 24(94) 411-420. Central Michigan University.

ABSTRACT: Examined whether differences existed between 74 regular education regarding self-concept, body image, and selected uses of clothing . Questionnaire results show that REs perceived themselves more positively than did EDs. EDs were also less likely to use clothing to influence mood than were REs, but the hypothesis that clothing would have divergent meanings to the groups of Ss was not supported.



Symposium on Size at Birth. (1974). Size at birth. New York: Elsevier.

ABSTRACT: (None)

KEYWORDS: Body size; Body weight; Birth weight; Infant newborn