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Snake Strike (References)

Alexander, R. McN. (1983). Animal Mechanics. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publ., 274pp.

Alving, W. Rockhill and Kardong, K. V. (1994). Aging in snakes: results of long-term captivity on rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) predatory behavior. Zoo Biol. 13, 537-544.

Alving, W. Rockhill and Kardong, K. V. (1996). The role of the vomeronasal organ in rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) predatory behavior. Evol. Brain Behav. 48,165-172.

Chiszar, D., Lee, R. K. K, Smith, H. M., and Radcliffe, C. W. (1992). Searching behaviors by rattlesnakes following predatory strikes. In Biology of the Pit Vipers (ed. J. A. Campbell and E. D. Brodie, Jr.), pp. 369-382.Tyler: Selma.

Chiszar, D., Radcliffe, C. W., and Scudder, K. M. (1977). Analysis of the behavioral sequence emitted by rattlesnakes during feeding episodes. I. Striking and chemosensory searching. Behav. Biol. 21,418-425.

Chiszar, D. and Scudder, K. M. (1980). Chemosensory searching by rattlesnakes during predatory episodes. In Chemical signals (ed. D. Müller-Schwarze and R. M. Silverstein), pp. 125-139. New York: Plenum Press.

de Cock Buning, T. (1983). Thresholds of infrared sensitive tectal neurons in Python reticulatus, Boa constrictor and Agkistrodon rhodostoma. J. Comp. Physiol. 151,461-467.

Delheusy, V. and Bels, V. (1992). Kinematics of feeding behaviour in Oplurus cuvieri (Reptilia: Iguanidae). J. Exp. Biol. 170,155-186.

Dickman, J. D., Coulton, J. S., Chiszar, D., and Colton, C. A. (1987). Trigeminal responses to thermal stimulation of the oral cavity in rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) before and after bilateral anesthetization of the facial pit organs. Brain Res. 400, 365-370.

Duvall, D., King, M. B., and Gutzwiller, K. J. (1985). Behavioral ecology and ethology of the prairie rattlesnake. Nat. Geograph. Res. 1, 80-111.

Duvall, D., Goode, J. J., Hayes, W. K., Leonhardt, J. K., and Brown, D. G. (1990). Prairie rattlesnake vernal migration: Field experimental analysis and survival value. Nat. Geograph. Res. 6,457-469.

Fitch, H. S. (1949) Study of snake populations in central California. Amer. Midland Nat. 41, 513-579.

Frazzetta, T. H. (1966). Studies on the morphology and function of the skull in the Boidea (Serpentes). II. Morphology and function of the jaw apparatus in Python sebae and Python molurus. J. Morph. 118, 217-296.

Frazzetta, T. H. (1983). Adaptation and function of cranial kinesis in reptiles: A time-motion analysis of feeding in alligator lizards. In Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology (ed. A. G. J. Rodin and K. Miyata), pp. 222-244. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Gans, C. and Taub, A. (1964). Precautions for keeping poisonous snakes in captivity. Curator 7,196-205.

Gasc, J.-P., Cattaert, D., Chasserat, C., and Clarac, F. (1989). Propulsive action of a snake pushing against a single site: Its combined analysis. J. Morph. 201, 315-329.

Gillingham, C. and Baker, R. E. (1981). Evidence for scavenging behavior in the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Z. Tierpsychol., 55,217-227.

Gove, D. A. (1979). Comparative study of snake and lizard tongue-flicking with an evolutionary hypothesis. Z. Tierpsychol. 51,58-76.

Gray, J. (1946). The mechanism of locomotion in snakes. J. Exp. Biol. 23,101-120.

Gray, J. and Lissman, H. W. (1950). The kinetics of locomotion of the grass-snake. J. Exp. Biol. 26, 354-367.

Greene, H. W. and Burghardt, G. M. (1978). Behavior and phylogeny: constriction in ancient and modern snakes. Science 200, 74-77.

Harper, D. G. and Blake, R. W. (1989a). A critical analysis of the use of high-speed film to determine maximum accelerations of fish. J. Exp. Biol. 142, 465-471.

Harper, D. G. and Blake, R. W. (1989b). On the error involved in high-speed film when used to evaluate maximum acceleration in fish. Can. J. Zool. 67,1929-1936.

Haverly, J. P. and Kardong, K. V. (1996). The role of the vomeronasal organ in rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) predatory behavior. Copeia 1996,419-428.

Hayes, W. K. (1991). Envenomation strategies of prairie rattlesnakes. PhD dissertation, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.

Hayes, W. K. (1995). Venom metering by juvenile prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus v. viridis): effects of prey size and experience. Anim. Behav. 50, 33-40.

Hayes, W. K. and Duvall, D. (1991). A field study of prairie rattlesnake predatory strike. Herpetologica 47, 78-81.

Hayes, W. K. and Galusha, J. G. (1984). Effects of rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) envenomation upon mobility of male wild and laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 20,135-144.

Hayes, W. K., Lavín-Murcio, P., and Kardong, K. V. (1995). Northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus) meter venom when feeding on prey of different sizes. Copeia 1995, 337-343.

Hennessy, D. F. and Owings, D. H. (1988). Rattlesnakes create a context for localizing their search for potential prey. Ethology 77, 317-329.

Janoo, A. and Gasc, J.-P. (1992). High speed motion analysis of the predatory strike and flurographic study of oesophageal deglutition in Vipera ammodytes: more than meets the eye. Amph.-Rept. 13, 315-325.

Jayne, B. C. (1986). Kinematics of terrestrial snake locomotion. Copeia 1986, 915-927.

Jayne, B. C. (1988). Muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion: an electromyographic study of the sidewinding and concertina modes of Crotalus cerastes, Nerodia fasciata, and Elaphe obsoleta. J. Exp. Biol. 140,1-33.

Kardong, K. V. (1975). Prey capture in the cottonmouth snake (Agkistrodon piscivorus). J. Herpet. 9,169-175.

Kardong, K. V. (1982). Comparative study of changes in prey capture behavior of the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) and Egyptian cobra (Naja haje). Copeia 1982, 337-343.

Kardong, K. V. (1986a). The predatory strike of the rattlesnake: When things go amiss. Copeia 1986, 816-820.

Kardong, K. V. (1986b). The strike behavior of the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus. J. Comp. Psychol. 3, 314-324.

Kardong, K. V. (1986c). Kinematics of swallowing in the yellow rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata: A reappraisal. Jpn. J. Herpet. 11, 96-109.

Kardong, K. V. (1992). Proximate factors affecting guidance of the rattlesnake strike. Zool. J. Anat. 122, 233-244.

Kardong, K. V. (1993). The predatory behavior of the northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus): laboratory vs. wild mice as prey. Herpetologica 49, 457-463.

Kardong, K. V. and Lavín-Murcio, P. A. (1993). Venom delivery of snakes as high-pressure and low-pressure systems. Copeia 1993, 644-650.

Kuhn, B. F., M. J. Rochelle, and K. V. Kardong (1991). Effects of rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) envenomation upon the mobility and death rate of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) and wild mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 27,189-194.

Klauber, L. M. 1956. Rattlesnakes, their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. Stanford: University of California Press. 1,1-708; 2,709-1476.

Lissmann, H. W. (1950). rectilinear locomotion in a snake (Boa occidentalis). J. Exp. Biol. 26,368-379.

Minton, S. A. (1969). The feeding strike of the timber rattlesnake. J. Herpet. 3,121-124.

Radcliffe, C. W., Chiszar, D., and O'Connell, B. (1980). Effects of prey size on poststrike behavior in rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus, C. enyo, and C. viridis). Bull. Psychon. Soc. 16, 449-450.

Russell, F. E. (1980). Snake Venom Poisoning. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott Co., 562 pp.

Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J. (1995). Biometry. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. 859 pp.

Van Riper, W. (1953). How a rattlesnake strikes. Scient. Am. 189,100-102.

Willard, D. E. (1977). Constriction methods of snakes. Copeia 1977,379-382.