Home

Research

Courses

Current

 

       Sensory Systems (Squamates)

Alving, Rockhill W., and K. V. Kardong (1996) The role of the vomeronasal organ in rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) predatory behavior. Brain Behav. Evol. 48: 165-172.

Berson, D. M., and P. H. Hartline (1988) A tecto-rotundo-telencephalic pathway in the rattlesnake: evidence for a forebrain representation of the infrared sense. J. Neurosci. 8:1074-1088.

Bruce, L. L., and T. J. Neary (1995a) Afferent projections to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in a lizard, Gekko gecko. Brain Behav. Evol., 46:14-29.

Bruce, L. L., and T. J. Neary (1995b) The limbic system of tetrapods: a comparative analysis of cortical and amygdalar populations. Brain Behav. Evol., 46:224-234.

Bosch, H. A. J. in den (1983) Snout temperature of reptiles, with special reference to the changes during feeding behaviour in Python molurus bivattus (Serpentes, Boidae): a study using infrared radiation. Amphib..-Rept., 4:49-61.

Bullock, T. H. and R. B. Cowles (1952) Physiology of an infrared receptor: the facial pit of pit vipers. Science 115:541-543.

Burghardt, G. M., and E. H. Hess (1968) Factors influencing the chemical release of prey attack in newborn snakes. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 66:289-295.

Burghardt, G. M., and C. H. Pruitt (1975) Role of the tongue and senses in feeding of naďve and experienced garter snakes. Physiol. Beh. 14:185-194.

Chiszar, D., and C. W. Radcliffe (1977) Absence of prey chemical preferences in newborn rattlesnakes (Crotalus cerastes, C. enyo, and C. viridis). Behav. Biol. 21:146-150.

Chiszar, D., and K. M. Scudder (1980) Chemosensory searching by rattlesnakes during predatory episodes, p. 125-139. In: Chemical Signals: Vertebrates and Aquatic Invertebrates. D. Müller-Schwarze & R. M. Silverstein (eds.). Plenum Press, New York, New York.

Chiszar, D., J. D. Dickman, and J. S. Colton (1986) Sensitivity to thermal stimulation in prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) after bilateral anesthetization of facial pits. Behav. Neural. Biol. 45:143-149.

Chiszar, D., D., C. W. Radcliffe, and K. M. Scudder (1977) Analysis of the behavioral sequence emitted by rattlesnakes during feeding episodes. Behav. Biol. 21:418-425.

Chiszar, D., T. Melcer, R. Lee, C. W. Radcliffe, and D. Duvall (1990) Chemical cues used by prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) to follow trails of rodent prey. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:79-86.

Chiszar, D., C. W. Radcliffe, B. O'Connel, and H. Smith (1981a) Strike-induced chemosensory searching in rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) as a function of disturbance prior to presentation of rodent prey. Psych. Rec. 31:57-62.

Chiszar, D., H. M. Smith, and A. R. Hoge (1983) Post-strike trailing behavior in rattlesnakes. Mem. Inst. Butantan 46:195-206.

Chiszar, D., S. Taylor, C. Radcliffe, H. Smith, and B. O'Connell (1981b) Effects of chemical and visual stimuli upon chemosensory searching by garter snakes and rattlesnakes. J. Herpetol. 15:415-424.

Cock Buning, T. de (1983) Thermal sensitivity as a specialization for prey capture and feeding in snakes. Amer. Zool. 23:363-375.

Cowles, R. B., and R. L. Phelan (1958) Olfaction in rattlesnakes. Copeia 1958:77-83.

Dacey, D. M., and P. S. Ulinski (1986) Optic tectum of the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. I. Efferent pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 245:1-28.

Dickman, J. D., J. S. Coulton, D. Chiszar, and C. A. Colton (1987) Trigeminal responses to thermal stimulation of the oral cavity in rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) before and after bilateral anesthetization of the facial pit organs. Brain Res. 400:365-370.

Dullemeijer, P. (1961) Some remarks on the feeding behavior of rattlesnakes. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. 64:383-396.

Duvall, D., M. B. King, and K. J. Gutzwiller (1985) Behavioral ecology and ethology of the prairie rattlesnake. Nat. Geograph. Res. 1:80-111.

Fetcho, J. R. (1986) The organization of the motoneurons innervating the axial musculature of vertebrates. II. Florida water snakes (Nerodia fasciata pictiventris). J. Comp. Neuro. 249: 551-563.

Fitch, H. S. (1949) Study of snake populations in central California. Amer. Midland Nat. 41:513-579.

Furry, K., T. Swain, and D. Chiszar (1991) Strike-induced chemosensory searching and trail followed by prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) preying upon deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus): Chemical discrimination among individual mice. Herpetologica 47:69-78.

Gillingham, J. C., and R. R. Baker (1981) Evidence of scavenging behavior in the western diamondback rattlesnake, (Crotalus atrox). Z. Tierpsychol. 55:217-227.

Gillingham, J. C., and D. L. Clark (1981a) An analysis of prey searching behavior in the western diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. Behav. Neural Biol. 32:235-240.

Gillingham, J. C., and D. L. Clark (1981b) Snake tongue-flicking: transfer mechanics to Jacobson’s organ. Can. J. Zool. 59:1651-1657.

Goris, R. C., T Kadota, and R. Kishida (1989) Innervation of snake pit organ membranes mapped by receptor terminal succinate dehydrogenase activity. In, Current Herpetology in East Asia (ed. M. Matsui, T. Hikida, and R. C. Goris). Herpet. Soc. Japan, Kyoto. Pp. 8-16.

Gove, D. A. (1979) Comparative study of snake and lizard tongue-flicking with an evolutionary hypothesis. Z. Tierpsychol. 51:58-76.

Graves, B. M., and D. Duvall (1985) Avomic prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) fail to attack rodent prey. Z. Tierpsychol. 67:161-166.

Gruberg, E. R., E. Kicliter, E. A. Newman, L. Kass, and P. H. Hartline (1979) Connections of the tectum of the rattlesnake Crotalus viridis: an HRP study. J. Comp. Neuro. 188:31-42.

Halpern, J., E. Erichsen, and M. Halpern (1985) Role of olfactory and vomeronasal senses on garter snake response to airborne odorants. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 11(2):1221.

Halpern, M. (1976) The efferent connections of the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb in snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis and Thamnophis radix. J. Morph., 150:553-578.

Halpern, M. (1992) Nasal chemical senses in reptiles: structure and function. In Biology of the Reptilia, Vol 18E: Hormones, Brain, and Behavior (ed. by C. Gans and D. Crews), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 423-523.

Halpern, M., and N. Frumin (1979) Roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in prey attack and feeding in adult garter snakes. Physiol. Beh. 22:1183-1189.

Hartline, P. H. (1971) Mid-brain responses of the auditory and somatic vibration systems in snakes. J. Exp. Biol. 54:373-390.

Hartline, R. H., L. Kass, and M. S. Loop (1978) Merging of the modalities in the optic tectum: infrared and visual integration in rattlesnakes. Science 199:1225-1229.

Haverly, J. E., and K. V. Kardong (1996) Sensory deprivation effects on the predatory behavior of the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus. Copeia 1996: 419-428.

Hayes, W. (1991) Envenomation strategies of prairie rattlesnakes. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Wyoming. pp. 156.

Hayes, W.K. and D. Duvall (1991) A field study of prairie rattlesnake predatory strike. Herpetologica, 47:78-81.

Hayes, W. K., and J. Galusha (1984) Effects of rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) envenomation upon mobility of male wild and laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 20:135-144.

Hayes, W. K. , P. Lavín-Murcio, and K. V. Kardong (1995) Northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus) meter venom when feeding on prey of different sizes. Copeia 1995:337-343.

Heller, S. B., and M. Halpern (1982) Laboratory observations of aggregative behavior of garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis: roles of the visual, olfactory, and vomeronasal senses. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 96:984-999.

Hennessy, D. F. and D. H. Owings (1988) Rattlesnakes create a context for localizing their search for potential prey. Ethology 77:317-329.

Hoogland, P. V. (1977) Efferent connections of the striatum in Tupinambus nigropunctatus. J. Morph. 152:229-246.

Kardong, K. V. (1986a) The strike behavior of the rattlesnake: Crotalus viridis oreganus. J. Comp. Psych. 3:314-324.

Kardong, K. V. (1986b) The predatory strike of the rattlesnake: When things go amiss. Copeia 1986:816-820.

Kardong, K. V. (1992) Proximate factors affecting guidance of the rattlesnake strike. Zool. Jb. Anat. 122:233-244.

Kardong, K. V., and V. L. Bels (1998) Rattlesnake strike behavior: kinematics. J. Exp. Biol. (in press).

Kardong, K. V. and S. P. Mackessy (1991) The strike behavior of a congenitally blind rattlesnake. J. Herpetol. 25:208-211.

Kass, L., M. S. Loop, and P. H. Hartline (1978) Anatomical and physiological localization of visual and infrared cell layers in tectum of pit vipers. J. comp. Neur. 182:811-820.

Kishida, R., F., Amemiya, T. Kusunoki, and S. Terashima (1980) A new tectal afferent nucleus of the infrared sensory system in the medulla oblongata of crotaline snakes. Brain Res. 195:271-280.

Klauber, L. M. (1956) Rattlesnakes, their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. University of California Press. 1:1-708; 2:709-1476.

Kubie, J. L., and M. Halpern (1979) Chemical senses involved in garter snake prey trailing. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 93:648-667.

Kuhn, B. F., M. J. Rochelle, and K. V. Kardong (1991) Effects of rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) envenomation upon the mobility and death rate of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) and wild mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 27:189-194.

Lanuza, E., and M. Halpern (1997) Afferent and efferent connections of the nucleus sphericus in the snake Thamnophis sirtalis: convergence of olfactory and vomeronasal information in the lateral cortex and the amygdala. J. Comp. Neurol. 385:627-640.

Lanuza, E., and M. Halpern (1998) Efferents and centrifugal afferents of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs in the snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Brain Behav. Evol., 51:1-22.

Lavín-Murcio, P., B. G. Robinson, and K. V. Kardong (1993) Cues involved in relocation of struck prey by rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis oreganus. Herpetologica, 49:463-469.

Lohman, A. H. M., and W. J. A. J. Smeets (1993) Overview of the main and accessory olfactory bulb projections in reptiles. Brain Behav. Evol. 41:147-155.

Martínez-García, F., E. E. Olucha, V. Teruel, M. J. Lorente, and w. K. Schwerdtfeger (1991) Afferent and efferent connections of the olfactory bulbs in the lizard Podarcis hispanica. J. Comp. Neurol. 305:337-347.

Mason, R. T. (1992) Reptilian pheromones. In Biology of the Reptilia, Vol 18E: Hormones, Brain, and Behavior (ed. by C. Gans and D. Crews), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 114-228.

Meszler, R. M. (1983) Fine structure and organization of the infrared receptor relays: lateral descending nucleus of V in boidae and nucleus reticularis caloris in the rattlesnake. J. Comp. Neurol. 220:299-309.

Meszler, R. M., C. R. Auker, and D. O. Carpenter (1981) Find structure and organization of the infrared receptor relay, the lateral descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in pit vipers. J. Comp Neuro. 196: 571-584.

Molenaar, G. J. (1978a) The sensory trigeminal system of a snake in the possession of infrared receptors: I. the sensory trigeminal nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 179:123-136.

Molenaar, G. J. (1978b) The sensory trigeminal system of a snake in the possession of infrared receptors: II. The central projections of the trigeminal nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 179:137-152.

Molenaar, G. J. (1992) Anatomy and physiology of infrared sensitivity of snakes. In Biology of the Reptilia Vol 17C (ed. by C. Gans and P. S. Uliniski), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 367-433.

Newman, E. A., E. R. Gruberg, and P. H. Hartline (1980) The infrared trigemino-tectal pathway in the rattlesnake and in the python. J. Comp. Neurol. 191:465-477.

Newman, E. A., and P. H. Hartline (1981) Integration of visual and infrared information in biomodal neurons of the rattlesnake optic tectum. Science 213:789-791.

Northcutt, R. G. (1978) Forebrain and midbrain organization in lizards and its phylogenetic significance. In Behavior and Neurology of Lizards (ed. by N. Greenberg and P. D. MacLean), U.S.N.I.M.H., Rockville, pp. 11-64.

Northcutt, R. G. and A. B. Butler (1974) Retinal projections in the northern watersnake (Natrix sipedon sipedon L.). J. Morphol. 142: 117-136.

Proske, U. (1969) Vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors in snake skin. Exp. Neurol. 23:187-194.

Robinson, B., and K. V. Kardong (1991) Relocation of struck prey by venomoid (venom-less) rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis oreganus. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 27:23-30.

Schroeder, D. M. (1981) Tectal projections of an infrared sensitive snake, Crotalus viridis. J. Comp Neuro. 195: 477-500.

Schroeder, D. M. (1985) The nucleus dorsalis myelencephali of snakes: relay nucleus between the spinal cord and posterior collicullus (paratorus). Brain Res. 336:359-362.

Scudder, K. M. (1982) Mechanisms mediating the sequential aspects of rattlesnake predatory behavior. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Colorado.

Senn, D. G. (1969) The saurian and ophidian colliculi posteriores of the midbrain. Acta anat. 74: 114-120.

Senn, D. G. and R. G. Northcutt (1973) The forebrain and midbrain of some squamates and their bearing on the origin of snakes. J. Morph. 140: 135-152.

Stanford, L. R., D. M. Schroeder, and P.H. Hartline (1981) The ascending projection of the nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract: a nucleus in the infrared system of the rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis). J. Comp. Neurol. 201:161-174.

Ten Donkelaar, H. J. and R. de Boer-van Huizen (1981) Basal ganglia projections to the brain stem in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus as demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Neuroscience 6:1567-1590.

Terashima, S-I., and R. C. Goris (1975) Tectal organization of pit viper infrared reception. Brain Res. 83:490-494.

Ulinski, P. S. (1977) Tectal efferents in the banded water snake, Natrix sipedon. J. Comp. Neurol. 173:251-274.

Ulinski, P. S. (1980) Functional morphology of the vertebrate visual system: an essay on the evolution of complex systems. Amer. Zool. 20:229-246.

Voneida, T. J. and C. M. Sligar (1979) Efferent projections of the dorsal ventricular ridge and the striatum in the tegu lizard Tupinambus nigropunctatus. J. Comp. Neurol. 186:43-64.

Walls, G. L. (1942) The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation. Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull. 19:1-785.

Young, B. A. (1990) Is there a direct link between the ophidian tongue and Jacobson’s organ? Amph.-Rept. 11: 263-276.